This combination of physical and psychological techniques is designed to release blockages in the flow of energy through the body. Stemming from the work of Wilhem Reich as refined by his pupil, psychiatrist Alexander Lowen, this technique aims to identify areas of repressed trauma in the body. Physical exercises, deep breathing and various forms of massage are then used to permit the body to give up its need to armor itself. It is especially effective for asthma, migraine and headaches, irritable bowel syndrome, ulcers, sleep disorders and stress. Bioenergetic therapists are usually psychiatrists, psychologists or other professional practitioners who have specialized in Reichian therapy. Core energetics was started by John Pierralcos in 1971 and adds a more spiritual aspect. The core is the inner center or higher self, which leads to deeper knowledge through empowerment, according to practitioners. Treatments vary with individual. Training for both is four years (one weekend a month).